I think I have the definitive answer from a structural engineer: There are 4 causes of dampness: 1) external ground levels being higher than the internal floor level, so moisture in the ground can pass directly through the wall. Best remedy: lower external ground levels to at least 150mm below internal floor levels. 2) defective rainwater goods (blocked or broken gutters or with incorrect falls, or downpipes with open joints, blockages or cracks). Best remedy: replace. 3) leaking water pipes: incoming mains water, central heating pipes etc. Remedy: find the leak and cure it. 4) condensation. Best remedy: improve ventilation (especially under-floor), add heating, insulate, avoid sources of water like boiling water from cooking or baths near cold surfaces